ISO INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 4475 First edition 1989-07-01 Coniferous and broadleaved tree sawlogs Visibledefects-Measurement Billes a sciages de bois resineux et feuillus - Defauts apparents - Releves et mesurages Reference number ISO 4475 : 1989 (E) ISO4475:1989(E) Foreword ISo (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (Iso member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through Iso technical committees. Each member hody interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, govern- mental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISo, also take part in the work. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for approval before their acceptance as International Standards by the ISo Council.They are approved in accordance with ISO procedures requiring at least 75 % approval by the member bodies voting. International Standard ISO4475was prepared byTechnical Committee ISO/TC55, Sawntimberandsawlogs. Users should note that all International Standards undergo revision from time to time and that any reference made herein to any other International Standard implies its latest edition,unless otherwise stated. ISO1989 All ights reserved. Nopartof this publication maybe reproduced orutilized in anyform orby any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher. International Organization for Standardization Case postale 56 . CH-1211 Geneve 20 . Switzerland Printed in Switzerland Coovriaht Intemational Oranization for Standardization INTERNATIONALSTANDARD ISO4475:1988(E) Coniferousand broadleaved tree sawlogs - Visible defects Measurement Scopeand fieid of application Itispermittedtomeasureonlyoneoftheindicatedparameters. This International Standard applies to coniferous and Frost crack or shake caused by lightning shall be measured as broadleavedtreesawlogsandspecifiesthemethodsofmeasur- the minimum thickness of the out-cut in which it can be in- inig visible defects of sawlogs as classified in Is0 4473, Con- serted; it is expressed in linear measures or as a fraction of the iferous and broadleaved tree sawlogs -Visible defects cnd diameter [see figure 3a), dimension aj]. Classification,and iso4474,Coniferous and broadleaved tree sawlogs -Visible defects -Terms and definitions. 3 Defectsoftrunk shape Measurement NOTE - Where linear measurement is specified, this always refers to 3.1 Curvature whole centimetres rounded off to the nearest centimetre below. 3.1.1 Simple curvature shall be measured 1 Knot as the deviation from straightness over the length of a piece at the point of its maximum bend; it is expressed as a 1.1 Flushknots (sound, unsound and rotten) shall be percentage of the length of the curvature or as a fraction of measured by the minimum diameter (see figure 1, the upper end diameter [sce figure 4a), dimension zil; dimension a). The knot callus is not included in the size of a knot. as the deviation from straightness in the length of a piece over a 1 m length of the maximum bend. 1.2 Overgrown protruding knots are not measured but their presence shall be noted. 3.1.2 Compound curvature shall be measured as the deviation from straightness over the length of a 2 Shake piece at the point of its maximum bend; it is expressed as a percentage of the length of the curvature or as a fraction of the upper end diameter [see figure 4b), dirnension z2l. in 2.1 The end shake (heart shake and ring shake) shall be addition, the number of curves and whether they are in one measured by the minimum thickness of the out-cut in which it or several planes shall be indicated. if necessary,each curve can be inserted; it is expressed in linear measures or as a frac- shall be measured and the total deviation calculated; tion